|
The culture of Kerala is a synthesis of Aryan and Dravidian cultures, developed and mixed for centuries, under influences from other parts of India and abroad.〔Menon, A. Sreedhara (1978) Cultural heritage of Kerala: an introduction. East-West Publications〕 It is defined by its antiquity and the organic continuity sustained by the Malayali people.〔.〕 Modern Kerala society took shape owing to migrations from different parts of India throughout Classical Antiquity.〔Nayar, Balachandran (1974) In quest of Kerala〕〔Smith, Bardwell (1976) Religion and social conflict in South Asia, Brill Publishers〕 Kerala trace its non-prehistoric cultural genesis to its membership (around the 3rd century CE) in a vaguely defined historical region known as ''Thamizhagom'' — a land defined by a common and encompassing the Chera, Chola, and Pandya kingdoms. At that time, the music, dance, language (first ''Dravida Bhasha'' — "Dravidian language"〔.〕 — then Tamil), and ''Sangam'' (a vast corpus of Tamil literature composed between 1,500–2,000 years ago) found in Kerala were all similar to that found in the rest of ''Thamizhagom'' (today's Tamil Nadu). The culture of Kerala evolved through the Sanskritization of Dravidian ethos, revivalism of religious movements and reform movements against caste discrimination.〔Srinivas, Narasimhachar (1980) India: social structure. ISBN 0-878-55415-7〕〔Filippo Osella, Caroline Osella (2000) Social mobility in Kerala: modernity and identity in conflict. Pluto Press〕〔University of Kerala. Dept. of History, University of Allahabad. Dept. of Modern Indian History, University of Travancore (1966) Journal of Indian history: Volume 44〕 Kerala showcases a culture unique to itself developed through accommodation, acculturation and assimilation of various faculties of civilized lifestyle. == Performing arts == (詳細はperforming arts include ''koodiyattom'', a form of Sanskrit drama or theatre and a UNESCO-designated Human Heritage Art. katakhalei (from ''katerumbu' ("story") and ''kali'' ("performance")) is a 500-year-old form of dance-drama that interprets ancient epics; a popularized offshoot of ''kathakali'' is ''Kerala natanam'' (developed in the 20th century by dancer Guru Gopinath). Meanwhile, ''koothu'' is a more light-hearted performance mode, akin to modern stand-up comedy; an ancient art originally confined to temple sanctuaries, it was later popularized by Mani Madhava Chakyar. Other Keralite performing arts include ''mohiniyaattam'' ("dance of the enchantress"), which is a type of graceful choreographed dance performed by women and accompanied by musical vocalizations. ''Thullal'', ''Thirayattan'', ''padayani'', and ''theyyam'' are other important Keralite performing arts. Kerala also has several tribal and folk art forms. For example, Kummattikali is the famous colorful mask-dance of South Malabar, performed during the festival of Onam. The Kannyar Kali dances (also known as Desathukali) are fast moving, militant dances attuned to rhythmic devotional folk songs and asuravadyas. Also important are various performance genres that are Islam- or Christianity-themed. These include ''oppana'', which is widely popular among Keralite Muslims and is native to Malabar. ''Oppana'' incorporates group dance accompanied by the beat of rhythmic hand clapping and ''ishal'' vocalizations. Margam Kali is one of the ancient round group dance of Kerala practiced by Saint Thomas Christians.〔(Nasrani.net )〕 However, many of these native art forms largely play to tourists or at youth festivals, and are not as popular among ordinary Keralites. Thus, more contemporary forms — including those heavily based on the use of often risqué and politically incorrect mimicry and parody — have gained considerable mass appeal in recent years. Indeed, contemporary artists often use such modes to mock socioeconomic elites. In recent decades, Malayalam cinema, yet another mode of widely popular artistic expression, have provided a distinct and indigenous Keralite alternative to both Bollywood and Hollywood. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Culture of Kerala」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
|